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Optimizing THM Removal Through Data-Driven Engineering: The Neptune-Toolbox™ Approach 

Using water storage assets as a strategic starting point for removing trihalomethanes (THMs) from water distribution networks makes sense — both hydraulically and chemically. Storage tanks and reservoirs serve as natural control points where conditions can be measured, modeled, and optimized to limit THM formation and accelerate removal.

Every distribution network has its own unique THM formation profile, driven by source water characteristics, system design, and operational conditions. Understanding these nuances is the foundation of effective THM management.

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Neptune-Toolbox™ is a modeling tool that looks at tank hydraulics, mass transfer, THM loading, THM diffusion rates and energy consumption to develop the optimal system design for a particular tank.

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Understanding the Variables Behind THM Formation

A wide range of water quality and operational factors influence how and where THMs form within a distribution system, including:

  • Water age – Longer residence times promote higher THM concentrations
  • Temperature – Warmer water conditions accelerate THM formation kinetics
  • Disinfectant concentration – Higher chlorine doses can lead to greater by product yield
  • Disinfectant type – Systems using free chlorine or chloramines will exhibit different THM formation curves
These interdependent factors create complex dynamics that can’t be managed effectively with one-size-fits-all solutions. 

Introducing the Neptune Toolbox™ Model

To address this complexity, our engineers developed Neptune Toolbox™, a dynamic modeling platform that integrates hydraulic, chemical, and operational parameters to simulate and predict THM behavior across water systems.

The model considers real world data — such as tank geometry, turnover rate, disinfectant decay, and temperature profile — to design engineered, site specific THM reduction strategies.

The result is actionable guidance that helps utilities:

  • Identify high-THM formation zones

  • Determine the effectiveness of potential interventions

  • Quantify the tradeoffs between energy use, mixing intensity, and removal efficiency

  • Select the most cost-effective combination of mixing, aeration, and ventilation technologies

Balancing Performance and Energy Efficiency

Energy consumption is often the most significant cost driver in long-term THM control strategies. The Neptune Toolbox™ model evaluates energy input across potential solutions to determine whether the energy tradeoff is justified by the resulting THM reduction.

By modeling equipment performance under site-specific operating conditions, Neptune Toolbox™ provides clear recommendations — helping clients balance capital investment, operational cost, and performance efficiency for sustainable THM control.

A Smarter Path Toward Network-Wide THM Management

With Neptune Toolbox™, utilities can move beyond reactive THM mitigation to a proactive, data-driven approach. By combining hydraulic modeling, chemical kinetics, and system-specific engineering, Neptune Toolbox™ unlocks the full potential of storage assets to improve distribution system water quality — efficiently and reliably.

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